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U.S. exports of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a motor gasoline additive, totaled 38,000 barrels per day (b/d) in 2017, primarily to Mexico, Chile, and Venezuela. MTBE was once commonly used in the United States but was phased out in the late 2000s as a result of water contamination concerns. Since then, fuel ethanol has replaced MTBE as a gasoline additive. MTBE is a fuel oxygenate that boosts octane ratings and helps achieve more complete combustion in gasoline engines. Since 2005, most U.S. exports of MTBE have gone to Mexico and Venezuela, with increasing exports to Chile. In 2017, Mexico accounted for two-thirds (66%) of U.S. MTBE exports. Economic instability in Venezuela may have contributed to the decrease in U.S. exports of MTBE to that country in recent years. Overall, MTBE accounts for a small portion of total U.S. petroleum product exports, averaging 0.7% of the total in 2017. MTBE is used as an oxygenate instead of fuel ethanol in those countries, in part, because it has lower evaporative emissions, can be shipped in pipelines alongside finished petroleum products, and does not require the kinds of infrastructure investments specific to ethanol. Virtually all U.S. MTBE exports originate from the Gulf Coast, where production is concentrated. MTBE can be blended with motor gasoline blendstock in the United States to produce a finished product that is subsequently transported to destinations in Mexico. MTBE was once a common fuel additive in the United States. U.S. blending of MTBE into motor gasoline peaked in 1999 at 260,000 b/d. In that year, the volume of fuel ethanol added to motor gasoline totaled 38,000 b/d. However, between 2000 and 2007, 23 states instituted a partial or complete ban on MTBE blended into motor gasoline because of groundwater contamination concerns. The result was an eventual phase out as a fuel oxygenate in the United States and a decline in domestic MTBE consumption that was replaced with ethanol. In contrast to MTBE, the use of fuel ethanol has been supported by tax subsidies such as the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit and by the Renewable Fuel Standard, which mandates the use of biofuels in the nation’s transportation supply. As a result, almost all motor gasoline in the United States contains 10% fuel ethanol blends.

Fossil fuels—petroleum, natural gas, and coal—have accounted for at least 80% of energy consumption in the United States for well over a century. The fossil fuel share of total U.S. energy consumption in 2017 was the lowest share since 1902, at a little more than 80%, as U.S. fossil fuel consumption decreased for the third consecutive year. The decline in fossil fuel consumption in 2017 was driven by slight decreases in coal and natural gas consumption. Coal consumption fell by 2.5% in 2017, following larger annual declines of 13.6% and 8.5% in 2015 and 2016, respectively. U.S. consumption of coal peaked in 2005 and declined nearly 40% since then. Natural gas consumption fell by 1.4% in 2017, a change from recent trends. Unlike coal consumption, which has decreased in 8 of the past 10 years, natural gas consumption has increased in 8 of the past 10 years, and in 2017, was twice that of coal. Natural gas consumption growth has been driven by increased use in the electric power sector. Overall, U.S. consumption of natural gas increased by 24% from 2005 to 2017. Petroleum consumption increased in 2017, but remains 10% lower than its peak consumption level, also set in 2005. Mainly used in the transportation sector, several petroleum-based fuels are also used in homes, businesses, and industries. Petroleum has been the largest source of energy consumption in the United States since surpassing coal in 1950. The renewable share of energy consumption in 2017, which includes hydroelectricity, biomass, and other renewables such as wind and solar, was 11.3%, the highest since the late 1910s, when overall energy consumption was lower and biomass consumption—mainly wood—made up a larger share. The largest growth in renewables over the past decade has been in solar and wind electricity generation. Energy consumption in the United States has undergone many changes over the course of the nation’s history, from wood as the primary resource in the 18th and 19th centuries, to the onset of coal and petroleum use, to the more modern rise of nuclear power in the late 20th century, and to renewables in the early 21st century. Of course, EIA did not exist to collect data in 1776. The Monthly Energy Review's pre-1949 estimates of U.S. energy use are deeply indebted to two sources. Much of the data used in earlier energy estimates are from the book Energy in the American Economy 1850-1975, Its History and Prospects by Sam Schurr and Bruce Netschert. The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Circular No. 641, Fuel Wood Used in the United States 1630–1930, published in 1942, provides some of the earliest biomass consumption estimates for the United States. Appendix D of EIA’s Monthly Energy Review compiles these estimates of U.S. energy consumption in ten-year increments from 1635 through 1845 and five-year increments from 1845 through 1945. Data for 1949 through the present day can be found in the latest Monthly Energy Review.

Starting with the May 2018 release of the Petroleum Supply Monthly, EIA now publishes U.S. petroleum export data by region, defined as Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD), of origin and by country of destination. Before this change, users could only see the total amount exported from each U.S. PADD, but not the actual destination associated with those PADD-level exports. U.S. petroleum exports have increased rapidly in recent years and have become an important factor in global oil markets. Increased access to U.S. oil exports data can provide valuable insight into global oil trade flows and allow new analysis of global oil markets. U.S. crude oil exports, in particular, have risen sharply since crude oil export restrictions were lifted in late 2015, reaching 1.1 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2017. Through June 15, 2018, U.S. crude oil exports have surpassed 2 million b/d seven times in EIA weekly data. Canada was the largest destination for U.S. crude oil exports in 2017, and with the addition of destination to PADD-level export data, EIA customers can now see that Canada receives U.S. crude oil primarily from the U.S. Midwest (PADD 2), the U.S. Gulf Coast (PADD 3), and the U.S. East Coast (PADD 1). In addition, changes in the relative amount of crude oil Canada received from each region over time can now be seen, notably the significant increase in exports from PADD 2 in 2017. U.S. petroleum product exports have also increased over the past several years, reaching 5.2 million b/d in 2017. With the addition of destination to PADD-level export data, EIA customers can better track the seasonality that may exist in the exports of certain petroleum products. For example, distillate, the most exported petroleum product, is exported in larger volumes in the summer months, when U.S. consumption is at its seasonal low. Distillate exports generally decline during the winter months, with exports from the East Coast, the main region that uses distillate (heating fuel) in the winter months, falling to nearly zero. However, during the winter in early 2017, warmer-than-normal weather and lower prices on the East Coast compared with those elsewhere in the Atlantic basin resulted in an unusually high amount of distillate exported from the East Coast for that time of year. By adding destination to PADD-level export data, it is now possible to see that the distillate was exported mainly to countries in Europe, along with some countries in Central and South America as well as Africa.